Number  33 


Ohio  State  University 
Bulletin 


Agricultural  Extension  Schools 


An  Agricultural  Extension  School  of  about  two  hundred  mem¬ 
bers  at  Eaton,  Ohio. 


September  1,  1910 


PuBI.ISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  AT  CoLUMBU': 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  November  17,  1905,  at  the  postoffice 
at  Columbus,  Ohio,  under  Act  of  Congress,  July  16,  1894. 


On  the  way  to  an  Agricultural  School.  These  cattle  are  to  be 

judg-ed. 


Agricultural  Extension  Work 

Introductory  Statement 

This  bulletin  has  been  prepared  to  give  information  concerning 
the  different  forms  of  agcricultural  extension  v^ork  conducted  by 
the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  Applications  for 
any  of  these  forms  of  extension  work  and  correspondence  regard¬ 
ing  them  should  be  addressed  to  A.  B.  Graham,  Superintend-  :  •  of 
Agricultural  Extension,  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

THE  LAW  RELATING  TO  AGRICULTURAL  EXTENSION 
WORK 

Sec.  7973.  The  College  of  Agriculture  and  Domestic  Science 
of  the  University  shall  arrange  for  the  extension  of  its  teachings 
throughout  the  state,  and  hold  schools  in  which  instruction  shall 
be  given  in  soil  fertility,  stock  raising,  crop  production,  dairying, 
horticulture,  domestic  science,  and  kindred  subjects.  No  such 
school  shall  exceed  one  week  in  length,  and  not  more  than  one 
be  held  in  any  one  county  during  a  year. 

Sec.  7974.  In  addition  to  the  holding  of  such  schools,  such 
college  shall  give  instruction  and  demonstration  in  various  lines 
of  agriculture,  at  agricultural  fairs,  institutes,  granges,  clubs,  or  in 
connection  with  any  other  organizations,  that,  in  its  judgment, 
may  be  useful  in  extending  agricultural  knowledge.  The  work  in 
extension  may  also  include  instruction  by  mail  in  agricultural  and 
mechanical  arts,  and  the  publication  of  bulletins  designed  to  carry 
the  benefits  of  its  teaching  to  communities  remote  from  the  col¬ 
lege.  Any  common  carrii^r  is  authorized  and  empowered  to  carry 
the  persons  employed  and  the  equipment  and  exhibits  used  in 
such  instruction  and  demonstrations,  free  or  at  reduced  rates. 

Forms  of  Agricultural  Extension  Work. 

In  order  to  carry  the  teachings  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  to 
the  people  of  rural  communities  and  to  others  interested  in  agri¬ 
cultural  industries,  the  following  kinds  of  extension  work  have 
been  conducted  during  the  past  year  and  will  be  arranged  for 
more  extensively  during  the  coming  year: 

Agricultural  Extension  Schools. 

Demonstrations  in 

Spraying  Fruit  Trees. 

Pruning. 

Mixing  of  Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Field  Meetings. 

Agricultural  Trains. 

Fair  Exhibits. 


Bulletins: 

The  Agricultural  College  Extension  Bulletin. 

Farmers’  Reading  Course  Bulletin. 

Home  Makers’  Reading  Course  Bulletin. 

Identifications. 

Suggestions  for  Agricultural  Work  in  the  Rural  Schools. 
Personal  Visits  to  Agriculturalists. 

Lectures  at  Institutes,  Granges,  Clubs  and  Other  Organizations. 

AGRICULTURAL  EXTENSION  SCHOOLS 

In  the  Agricultural  Extension  Schools  three  courses  will  be 


An  Agricultural  Extension  School  in  which  apparatus  used 
during  a  soil  fertility  lecture  is  shown.  Learning  to  mix  a  little 
of  the  Why  with  much  of  the  How.  These  men  have  farmed  for 
years.  Director  Thorne  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 
is  addressing  the  school. 


offered.  One  combination  may  be  selected  from  the  three  follow¬ 
ing: 

(1)  Soil  Fertility,  Farm  Crops,  and  Live  Stock,  which  will  be 
known  as  an  Animal  Husbandry  School. 

(2)  Soil  Fertility,  Farm  Crops,  and  Dairying,  which  will  be 
known  as  a  Dairy  School. 

(3)  Soil  Fertility,  Farm  Crops,  and  Horticulture,  which  will  be 
known  as  a  Horticultural  School. 


Soil  Fertility: 

This  course  will  consist  of  a  discussion  of  the  principles  under¬ 
lying  the  maintenance  of  soil  fertility,  including  such  subjects  as 

4 


food  requirements  of  plants,  the  use  and  effect  of  tillage,  drain¬ 
age,  manures,  fertilizers,  lime  ,etc. 

Farm  Crops: 

This  course  will  consist  of  a  study  of  cereals  and  crop  rota¬ 
tions.  Practice  work  will  be  gwen  in  grain  judging  and  seed  se¬ 
lection. 

Live  Stock: 

The  work  in  this  subject  wil  take  up  a  discussion  of  the  types 
of  farm,  animals  and  feeding  and  breeding  of  live  stock.  Practical 
instruction  will  be  given  in  stock  judging. 

Dairying : 

This  course  will  include  instruction  in  the  principles  of 


dairying,  feeding  and  breeding  of  dairy  cattle,  barn  sanitation, 
and  the  care  of  milk. 

Horticulture : 

The  work  of  this  course  will  consist  of  instruction  in  the 
principles  of  fruit  and  vegetable  growing,  and  will  include  culti¬ 
vation,  pruning,  spraying  and  marketing  of  horticultural  crops. 

HOME  MAKERS  COURSE 

A  fourth  course  for  Home  Makers  will  be  given  in  the  Agri¬ 
cultural  Extension  Schools.  This  course  will  be  given  to  the 
selection  and  preparation  of  foods,  sanitation,  decoration,  ana 
other  subjects  of  importance  to  the  household.  Practical  demon¬ 
strations  in  food  selection  and  preparation  will  be  given. 

UNIVERSITY  RULES 

Rules  to  Govern  the  Holding  of  ^'Agricultural  Extension 

5 


Schools,”  Adopted  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Ohio  State 
University,  April  8,  1909,  and  amended  July  18,  1910. 

1.  Schools  shall  be  held  at  points  designated  by  the  Board  of 

Trustees  of  the  Ohio  State  University  on  the  recommenda¬ 
tion  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Agricultural  College. 

2.  Satisfactory  rooms  for  instruction  and  demonstration  shall  be 

provided  and  properly  cared  for  and  the  expenses  for  rent, 
heat,  light,  and  janitor  service  for  them,  and  all  other  local 
expenses,  including  the  lodging  and  boarding  of  all  in¬ 
structors  and  other  persons  assisting  them  shall  be  borne 
by  the  community  in  which  the  school  is  held. 


A  SCHOOL  FOR  HOME-MAKERS. 

It  is  assumed  that  the  women  can  cook,  etc.  They  are  learning" 
more  of  Why  that  they  may  know  the  better  How. 


3.  Applications  for  schools  shall  be  made  on  a  blank  form  fur¬ 

nished  by  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  signed  by  not  less 
than  twenty-five  persons  who  shall  pledge  their  support  and 
guarantee  any  deficiency  that  may  arise  in  the  local  ex¬ 
penses  of  the  school. 

4.  When  applications  are  granted,  a  local  organization  shall  be 

perfected  which,  in  co-operation  with  the  Superintendent  of 
Agricultural  Extension,  shall  have  charge  of  all  local  ar¬ 
rangements  for  holding  the  school. 

6 


APPLICATIONS 


Applications  for  schools  shall  be  made  on  a  blank  form  fur¬ 
nished  by  the  Superintendent  of  Agricultural  Extension  and 
signed  by  not  less  than  twenty-five  persons  as  provided  in  the 
rules  above.  The  applications  for  schools  should  be  on  file  with 
the  Superintendent  of  Agricultural  Extension  by  July  1,  as  the 
schedule  of  schools  that  will  be  held  the  following  season  wil  be 
made  as  soon  after  that  date  as  possible.  Any  applications  that 
may  be  made  after  July  1  will  only  be  considered  after  the  ones 
previously  filed  have  been  disposed  of. 


Bread- Judg-ing-  Day  at  the  Home-Makers’  School. 

Applicants  are  requested  to  give  as  definite  information  as 
possible  upon  the  application  blank  in  regard  to  the  rooms  that 
will  be  available  for  holding  the  school. 

Applications  for  demonstrations  in  spraying  fruit  trees,  prun¬ 
ing,  mixing  of  commercial  fertilizers  shall  be  signed  by  at  least 
five  persons.  Blank  forms  for  applications  for  demonstrations 
can  be  secured  upon  request. 

LOCAL  ORGANIZATION 

The  object  of  forming  a  local  organization  is  to  secure  satis¬ 
factory  rooms  for  instruction  and  demonstration,  to  properly  ad¬ 
vertise  the  school,  and  to  solicit  the  attendance  ot  persons  who 
may  be  benefited:  that  appropriate  committees  may  be  organ¬ 
ized  and  that  means  may  be  devised  for  raising  a  fund  to  defray 

7 


the  local  expenses.  It  is  suggested  that  the  following  com¬ 
mittees  be  appointed: 

(1)  Finance  and  Local  Arrangement. 

(2)  Membership  and  Advertising. 

(3)  Demonstration  Material. 

The  Committee  on  Finance  and  Local  Arrangement  should 
secure  rooms  (one  for  the  Agricultural  School,  one  for  the  Home 
Makers’  School,  and  such  other  rooms  as  may  be  necessary  for 
demonstration  material  such  as  cereals  and  live  stock)  and  see 
that  they  are  propertly  heated,  seated  and  lighted;  further,  that 
tables,  trestles,  etc.,  are  furnished  and  that  the  rooms  are  prop¬ 
erly  cared  for  by  a  janitor  during  the  week  of  the  school. 

The  Committee  on  Membership  and  Advertising  shall  look 
after  printing  and  the  securing  of  members  for  the  school.  It  is 
suggested  that  this  committee  be  made  up  of  sub-committees  ap¬ 
pointed  to  represent  the  townships  and  villages  of  the  entire 
county  or  of  the  townships  and  villages  within  a  radius  of  ten  or 
fifteen  miles  of  the  place  at  which  the  school  is  to  be  held.  If  a 
Home  Makers’  School  is  arranged  for,  a  number  of  women  should 
be  appointed  on  these  sub-committees.  The  Committee  on  Mem¬ 
bership  and  Advertising  will  be  furnished  with  blank  member¬ 
ship  cards  and  with  material  and  suggestions  for  thoroughly 
advertising  the  school. 

The  Committee  on  Demonstration  Material  shall  secure  live 
stock,  samples  of  cereals  and  such  other  material  as  may  be  re¬ 
quested  for  use  in  judging.  They  shall  also  furnish  other  ma¬ 
terial  necessary  for  demonstration  purposes.  If  a  Home  Makers’ 
Course  is  to  be  given,  at  least  one  woman  should  be  on  the  Com¬ 
mittee  on  Demonstration  Material.  For  the  Home  Makers* 
School  it  will  be  necessary  to  furnish  a  cook  stove  (gasoline  or 
gas,  with  oven),  two  kitchen  tables,  and  a  small  quantity  of 
groceries  to  be  arranged  for  the  first  day  of  the  school.  The 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Ohio  State  University  recommends  the 
following: 

That  each  prospective  member  of  the  school  pay  to  the 
treasurer  of  the  local  organization  a  membership  fee  of  one  dol¬ 
lar  ($1.00),  the  money  thus  raised  to  be  used  for  defraying  local 
expenses;  that  no  school  be  held  where  fewer  than  fifty  member¬ 
ship  fees  have  been  paid  by  bona-fide  members;  and  that  the 
receipted  membership  cards  be  filed  with  the  Agricultural  Ex¬ 
tension  Department  ten  days  before  the  opening  or  the  school. 

It  is  suggested  that  after  the  local  expenses  of  the  school  have 
been  paid,  the  balance  on  hand  be  returned  pro  rata  to  those  who 
have  paid  weekly  membership  fees.  An  Agricultural  Extension 

8 


School  should  not  be  conducted  with  a  view  to  financing  some 
other  organization  or  meeting  which  follows  it.  No  part  of  the 
fee  suggested  goes  to  pay  for  the  services  of  any  instructor;  its 
use  should  be  only  to  defray  the  local  expenses  of  the  school. 

EXPENSES 

The  following  items  of  local  expense  will  need  to  be  provided 
for: 

Hotel  expenses  for  all  instructors  and  assistants  from  the  Col¬ 
lege  of  Agriculture  for  the  week  during  which  the  Agricultural 
Extension  School  is  held.  Where  an  Agricultural  School  and  a 
Home  Makers’  School  are  arranged  for,  there  will  usually  be 
four  men  and  two  women.  It  may  be  necessary  to  have  from 
one  to  three  additional  assistants.  This  Department  believes 
that  it  should  expect  the  best  accommodations  that  the  prospec¬ 
tive  financial  conditions  of  the  school  will  warrant. 

Rent  of  an  assembly  room  for  the  Agricultural  School  and  one 
for  the  Home  Makers’  School,  provided  the  last  named  school  is 
arranged  for,  and  other  comfortable  quarters  in  which  live  stock 
is  to  be  judged,  and  for  heat,  light,  and  janitor  service  for  the 
same. 

The  Agricultural  Extension  Department  pays  the  railroad  fare 
and  the  salary  of  instructors.  These  two  items  need  not  be  con¬ 
sidered  by  the.  local  committee.  Hack  fare,  livery,  and  baggage 
transfer  from  the  railway  station  to  the  point  where  the  school  is 
held  and  return  are  items  of  local  expense  to  be  cared  for  by  the 
school. 

SCHEDULE 

The  sessions  will  begin  at  8:30  a.  m.  and  close  at  3:30  p.  m. 
standard  time,  unless  there  is  some  local  reason  for  opening  or 
closing  earlier  or  later. 

Each  period  for  instruction  will  be  fifty-five  minutes  in  length. 
Five  minutes  intermission  will  be  given  between  periods.  An 
intermission  of  one  hour  will  be  given  at  noon.  The  sessions  will 
open  promeptly  at  8:30  a.  m.  and  12:30  p.  m.  and  close  at  11:30 
a.  m.  and  3:30  p.  m.  Since  the  opening  and  closing  times  are 
on  regular  school  hours  they  can  easily  be  kept  in  mind. 

SUGGESTIONS 

Be  prompt. 

Ask  questions. 

Use  printer’s  ink. 

WHY  tells  us  HOW. 

Pass  the  word  along. 

“Used  to  do’s”  are  all  right  when  properly  thought  of. 

9 


Farm  losses  will  pay  for  first  class  rural  improvements. 

The  losses  of  omission  are  greater  than  those  of  commission. 

Place  the  try  square  of  theory  on  the  straight  edge  of  practice. 

Dead  things  float  with  the  current.  Living  things  push 
against  it. 

Believe  in  theory;  theory  is  the  guide  board  to  intelligent 
practice. 

He  who  drains  his  barnyard  bores  a  hole  into  the  lowest 
corner  of  his  safety  deposit  vault. 

Have  you  looked  at  your  science  watch  to  And  out  what  time 
it  is?  Let’s  wind  it  up  and  push  the  hands  up  to  date. 


Young  corn  growers  and  the  judges.  Corn  on  front  table  ex¬ 
hibited  by  boys;  on  the  rear  table  that  exhibited  by  adults. 
These  schoolboys  studied  corn  at  school  and  grew  it  at  home. 
The  Extension  Department  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  fur¬ 
nished  the  Bulletins  on  seed  corn  selection,  tillage  and  cultiva¬ 
tion.  Learning  to  look  at  farm  work  properly. 

Are  we  drifting  on  the  agr'cultural  current  or  are  we  pulling 
the  oars  a  little?  Are  we  pulling  against  the  current  of  tradi¬ 
tional  practices?  We  are  growing  strong  from  activity. 

DEMONSTRATIONS 

A  demonstration  that  very  closely  follows  or  that  accompanies 
instruction  often  times  makes  clear  what  would  otherwise  take 
many  pages  of  printed  material  or  much  time  for  oral  explana¬ 
tion.  The  Department  of  Agricultural  Extension  is  prepared  to 
make  demonstrations  in  the  spraying  of  fruit  trees,  pruning,  and 
in  the  home  mixing  of  commercial  fertilizers.  To  see  the 
spraying  material  prepared  and  observe  how  it  is  applied  helps 
one  to  establish  a  confidence  in  himself.  To  know  now  to  prune 
without  practising  tree-butchery  should  help  the  amateur  fruit 

10 


grower  to  assist  the  tree  to  produce  to  the  limit  of  its  ability. 
With  a  reasonable  knowledge  of  spraying  and  pruning,  the  small 
fruit  grower  should  grow  fruit  equal  in  quality  to  that  produced 
by  any  grower. 

A  demonstration  in  the  home  mixing  of  fertilizers  will  be  made 
at  such  times  as  instructors  in  this  department  are  available  for 
this  work.  All  material  used  for  demonstration  purposes  must 
be  supplied  by  those  for  whom  the  work  is  done.  Application 


A  spraying  demonstration.  One  of  many  made  during  the 
spraying  season  by  instructors  in  the  Extension  Department  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Columbus. 

blanks  for  any  of  these  demonstrations  can  be  secured  by  writ- 
ing  the  Superintendent  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

FIELD  MEETINGS 

The  Department  of  Co-operative  Experiments  at  the  Agricul¬ 
tural  Experiment  Station,  Wooster,  Ohio,  has  a  greaf  many 
persons  conducting  tests  to  determine  the  best  varieties  of  farm 
crops.  In  connection  with  these  tests,  the  Department  of  Agri¬ 
cultural  Extension  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbus,  is 
doing  what  it  can  in  the  way  of  conducting  field  meetings  for  one 
day  or  during  an  afternoon,  at  times  during  the  growing  season 
when  the  instruction  will  be  of  most  value.  These  meetings 
may  be  arranged  for  by  writing  the  Agricultural  Extension  De¬ 
partment  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbus. 

n 


AGRICULTURAL  TRAINS 

The  railroad  companies,  in  response  to  requests  from  the  grain 
dealers,  millers,  horticulturists,  and  dairymen  have  found  it  bene¬ 
ficial  to  carry  instruction  to  patrons  along  their  respective  lines. 
This  Department  is  glad  to  co-operate  with  the  railroad  com¬ 
panies  in  giving  instruction  adapted  to  the  sections  of  the  state 
through  which  the  trains  are  run.  Shippers  of  agricultural 
products  should  urge  the  railroad  companies  to  negotiate  with 
this  Department  for  instruction  along  their  lines. 

FAIR  EXHIBITS 

Any  fair  board  or  association  may  secure  upon  application  an 
exhibit  made  by  the  College  of  Agriculture  to  represent  each  of 


A  FIELD  MEETING  NEAR  WEST  MILTON. 

Wheat  plots  on  which  were  growing-  different  varieties  were 
observed  in  the  field  and  discussed  at  the  barn  by  competent  in¬ 
structors  from  the  Extension  Department  of  the  College  of 
Agriculture  at  Columbus,  and  experts  from  the  Experiment 
Station  at  Wooster. 

its  departments.  This  exhibit  is  composed  of  such  apparatus 
and  material  as  will  serve  two  purposes:  first,  to  impress 
lessons  in  farm  and  school  improvement  from  contrast  by 
maps,  charts,  pictures,  etc.;  second,  to  teach  lessons  in  feeds 
and  feeding,  the  bettering  of  tillage  and  cultivation  methods,  the 
improvement  of  desirable  plants  and  the  control  of  undesirable 
plants  and  insect  pests,  by  apparatus  to  show  the  water  content 
of  the  soil  and  some  exhibits  to  show  the  life  history  and  habits 
of  plants  and  insects. 

BULLETINS 

During  the  past  five  years,  one  publication,  the  Agricultural 

College  Extension  Bulletin,  has  been  prepared  with  much  care  for 

12 


Entering-  an  agricultural  train  to  hear  lectures  by  instructors 
from  the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Columbus.  Stops  from  one 
to  one  hour  and  a  half. 


An  instructor  from  the  Agricultural  Extension  Department  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture  addressing  an  overflow  meeting  at  an 
agi'icult uial  liain.  Subject:  How  to  I’repaie  the  Young  Tree 
for  Planting. 


13 


the  public  school  teachers  and  the  children  of  the  upper  ele¬ 
mentary  grades  and  the  high  school.  This  free  publication  will 
be  continued  for  the  same  class  of  readers.  Any  person  in¬ 
terested  in  agricultural  education  may  have  his  name  placed  on 
the  mailing  list.  An  effort  has  been  made  to  have  every  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  township  and  village  boards  of  education  receive  this 
publication.  The  February  number  is  devoted  to  some  public 
school  subject  or  some  phase  of  the  improvement  of  rural  life. 

Two  additional  bulletins  will  be  published  to  meet  the  demand 
for  agricultural  reading  courses.  One  of  these  will  be  known  as 
the  Farmers’  Reading  Course  Bulletin  and  the  other  as  the  Home 
Makers’  Reading  Course  Bulletin.  These  reading  course  bulle¬ 
tins  will  be  sent  to  those  who  make  application  for  them  an- 


A  lesson  in  corn  judging  at  an  Agricultural  Extension  School. 
Plenty  of  tables  and  good  light.  A  large  enrollment  of  middle 
aged  and  old  men.  Young  men,  of  course. 


nually.  The  Agricultural  Extension  Department  offers  its 
services  to  answer  questions  concerning  or  to  discuss  further 
subjects  requiring  a  more  lengthy  discussion  than  the  space  in 
the  bulletins  will  allow. 

IDENTIFICATIONS 

Some  of  the  most  common  insects  and  plants  referred  to  by 
their  proper  names  in  the  bulletins  or  other  publications  are  fre¬ 
quently  passed  in  the  field  or  by  the  roadside  without  recogni¬ 
tion.  The  Department  of  Agricultural  Extension  offers  the 
services  of  specialists  to  name  such  specimens  as  may  be  sent 
to  its  offices.  Whenever  it  is  possible,  some  habit  or  charac¬ 
teristic  of  the  specimen  will  be  given.  The  specimens  will  not 
be  returned  unless  such  a  resquest  is  made. 

14 


AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

The  increasing  demand  for  agricultural  work  in  the  upper 
grades  of  the  elementary  schools  and  in  the  high  schools  has 
made  it  necessary  to  call  to  this  department  one  who  is  quite 
competent  to  offer  suggestions  to  teachers  and  boards  of  educa¬ 
tion  and  to  make  plans  for  conducting  this  work.  The  services 
of  this  instructor  and  others  of  this  department  may  be  secured 
by  a  request  for  a  discussion  of  agricultural  subjects  at  Farmers’ 
and  Teachers’  Institutes,  granges,  clubs  and  other  organizations. 

PERSONAL  VISITS  TO  AGRICULTURALISTS 

During  the  time  when  no  Agricultural  Extension  Schools  are 
being  conducted  or  demonstrations  being  made,  arrangements 


A  Domestic  Science  instructor  in  the  foregrround  judg-ing- 
bread,  etc.,  baked  by  school  girls  from  country  homes.  Such 
work  is  encouraged  by  the  Agricultural  Extension  Department 
of  the  College  of  Agriculture  at  Columbus. 


may  be  made  with  the  different  instructors  in  this  department  to 
visit  farms,  dairies,  live  stock  farms,  orchards,  and  gardens  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  individual  instruction  in  up-to-date  agri¬ 
cultural  practices.  This  department  does  not  offer  the  services 
of  its  instructors  to  pass  judgment  upon  commercial  propositions. 

The  Department  of  Agricultural  Extension  is  organized  to  give 
instruction  and  no  pains  will  be  spared  to  arouse  a  greater  de¬ 
gree  of  interest  in  the  improvement  of  every  form  of  life  in  the 
country,  whether  it  be  industrial  or  social. 

The  College  of  Agriculture  is  reaching  its  arm  to  you;  take 
hold  of  its  hand;  if  you  can’t  take  the  hand,  catch  a  finger. 


15 


3  0112  105799867 


A  sug-g-estion  for  advertising-  an  Ag-ricultural  Extension  School. 


